Simone Vincenzo Suraci

1. Introduction Instrument transformers (ITs) play a critical role in modern power systems by enabling accurate measurement, protection, and control. These devices, including current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs), are designed to step down high voltages and currents to safer and measurable levels. By doing so, they facilitate the operation of metering equipment and protective relays, ensuring both the safety of personnel and the reliability of the power system [1].