Sinan Melih Nigdeli

1. Introduction Countries with active faults cannot prevent earthquakes that cause severe damage to many structures and loss of life [1,2]. The concept of seismic design of buildings has become necessary worldwide and is being investigated by many researchers. While the aim of building safety in the early periods was to survive an earthquake, now it is required that the building suffer limited damage after the earthquake or that the function of the building continues uninterrupted.

1. Introduction Loads from the superstructure are transferred to the soil. Another function of the soil is to be used as a construction material; however, soils may not always be suitable to fulfill their intended function. For example, in some cases, inadequate bearing capacity of the soil, high compressibility, low workability, and high swelling potential may be encountered.

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