Sini Hakkola

Background Plasticity of cancer, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal, and microenvironmental adaptation, drives metastasis, therapy resistance, and poor outcomes in prostate cancer (PCa). Ion channels and extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) have emerged as key drivers of such adaptive processes by influencing signaling, metabolism, and immune interactions.

Keywords mCRPC enzalutamide epigenetics androgen receptor H3K27ac HDAC inhibitors biomarkers hormone intervention prostate cancer drug resistance Introduction Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer type in men, with globally over 1.4 million new diagnoses and 396,000 patients who succumb to the disease each year.1 Although most patients with high-risk localized disease are effectively treated with prostatectomy or radiotherapy,2 eventually 25% of patients will develop metastases for...