Sobhy M Yakout

Introduction T2DM has turned into a major worldwide health issue, especially for younger individuals.1 Saudi Arabia has high rates of T2DM, and almost 24% of adults are dealing with this ongoing and serious health issue, emphasizing the substantial public health significance of strong public health strategies and educational initiatives to raise awareness and promote healthier lifestyles for the community.2 Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent and often found in many areas of Saudi Arabia.

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1 Introduction The aging population is growing quickly around the world, making age-related diseases such as osteoporosis a major public concern (1). Osteopenia, often regarded as a precursor to osteoporosis, can go unnoticed until it progresses, leading to an increased fracture risk in elderly patients, psychological and physical harm (2). This can also be a financial burden on families and society.