Sohail Jabbar

Abstract The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus serves as the primary communication backbone in modern connected vehicles. However, the lack of built-in encryption and authentication mechanisms makes CAN-based systems vulnerable to a wide range of cyberattacks, including spoofing, denial-of-service (DoS), and replay attacks. These security weaknesses pose significant challenges for the safe operation of intelligent transportation systems.

1. Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) predicts that there will be 9.1 billion people on Earth by 2050. Food consumption will rise as the population grows [1]. Meanwhile, it is difficult for nutrient levels to increase due to a lack of agriculture and the availability of clean water. At worst, agricultural crop diseases may destroy harvests and result in starvation in a nation, especially in underdeveloped countries with low wages.

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.