Solomon Tessema Memirie

Data analysis For each disease episode, we computed the total OOP expenditures as the sum of direct medical and direct nonmedical expenses. For direct medical expenses, we added up OOP payments for consultation, diagnostic workup, medications, and hospital stay. For direct nonmedical expenses, we added OOP expenditures for transportation, food, lodging, and other expenditures incurred in relation to seeking care.

Abstract All countries worldwide have signed up to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and have committed to the objective of achieving ‘universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all’.