Outer space is getting much closer to the defence of Europe than it used to be. In recent years, a number of factors have converged to make space an enabler for military operations on Earth, a war-fighting domain in its own right, and an arena of strategic competition in which the US, Russia, and China play major roles. As a result, NATO, the EU, and the European Space Agency (ESA), as well as their members, are adapting to the new reality, while Europe is investing more in space.
