Stephan Chabardes

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is diagnosed after motor symptoms appear, although non-motor symptoms emerge years earlier. Following years of pharmacological treatment, high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), a key hub in goal-directed behaviors, can be proposed. While HFS-STN reliably improves motor symptoms, it does not specifically address non-motor symptoms. Clarifying how STN dysfunction contributes to these symptoms could improve stimulation strategies.

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly explored across deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders, yet whether current systems are approaching deployment remains unclear. To characterise their scope, validation maturity, and translational readiness, we systematically evaluated 239 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025, assessing AI methods, validation practices, and barriers constraining clinical translation.

The efficacy and safety of ANT-DBS in patients who have also failed VNS remain insufficiently explored, and the effect compared to BMT is not known. In 61 patients, 45% of patients in the ANT-DBS group achieved a ≥50% reduction in severe monthly seizure frequency compared to 27% in the BMT group (p: not significant). ANT-DBS showed a statistically significant reduction in seizure frequency relative to baseline at 12 months (−44%) and 24 months (−46%), which was not achieved in the BMT group.