Sugat Adhikari

1 INTRODUCTION Urinary bladder rupture, though infrequent, represents a critical urological emergency that can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. Etiologically, bladder rupture can be classified as traumatic, spontaneous, or iatrogenic. Spontaneous bladder rupture is particularly rare and typically occurs in pathological bladders affected by malignancy, neurogenic dysfunctions, or following radiation therapy.

1 INTRODUCTION Tarlov cysts are CSF-filled sacs situated in the extradural space of the sacral spinal canal, forming within the nerve root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion. They were first reported by Tarlov in 1938 as incidental findings at autopsy, subsequently classified as Type II meningeal cysts.1, 2 Tarlov cysts typically develop at the junction of the posterior root and the dorsal ganglion, positioned between the perineurium and endoneurium.

1 INTRODUCTION Hemophilia A and B, both X-linked clotting disorders, result from a deficiency in factors VIII and IX, respectively. The clinical presentation varies based on disease severity. Severe hemophilia is characterized by spontaneous bleeding into joints and muscles, which occurs usually when the level of Factor VIII is below 1% of its normal value.1, 2 Over time, repeated joint bleeds lead to painful and debilitating hemophilic arthropathy.