Sujuan Li

1 Introduction The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially among women of reproductive age worldwide over the past two decades [1, 2]. Maternal overnutrition is a pivotal factor that shapes the developmental environment in early life and increases the risk of metabolic diseases in offspring, such as obesity and diabetes [3-12]. Maternal obesity, including prepregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), impacts offspring metabolism differently.

1. Introduction Over the past four decades since the implementation of reform and opening-up policies, China’s economy has been increasingly integrated into the global economic landscape. Transportation has played a pivotal role in promoting social development, spurring rapid urban economic growth, and enhancing national openness [1,2]. In the early years of the People’s Republic of China, scheduled land, sea, and air travel were re-established.

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