Sukh Singh

Imagine a world in which your surroundings respond on your desires with unheard of precision — a truth fashioned through the brilliance of clever era. As we step into this fascinating era, be part of us on a journey to explore the improvements and gadgets which might be making our lives more related, green, and wise.

1 Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem, with the total worldwide HBV infection prevalence increased to 3.9% and 2 billion people infected globally (1). For about 257 million people with chronic infection, only approximately 10% were diagnosed with HBV infection (2). The major life-threatening events for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are the development of liver cirrhosis and oncogenesis (3–5).

1 Introduction Various components of the tumor microenvironment(TME) play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and progression. Among these components, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can regulate the TME through different infiltration levels and polarization characteristics (1, 2). TAMs in TME mainly originate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) (3).