Şükrü Beşiktepe

1 Introduction Sea-level change observations have been considered one of the key aspects of climate change reconstruction over the last few decades because of their interconnection with all other climate indicators, such as atmospheric temperature. Therefore, global mean sea-level assessment has been one of the main objectives of different studies in the past few decades (Fox-Kemper et al., 2021).

Introduction The extreme sea level (ESL) is defined as the maximum sea level during a selected period, usually a year, and its variability is mainly triggered by the combined effects of mean sea level, tides, and storm surges (Marcos et al., 2015).

1 Introduction The Kara Sea receives large river runoff (1350-1500 km3, mainly from the Ob and Yenisei rivers), which accounts for one quarter of total river discharge to the Arctic Ocean (Gordeev et al., 1996). It results in formation of the Ob-Yenisei plume with the area of 200 000 – 250 000 km2 during ice-free period, which is among the largest river plumes in the World Ocean (Frey and Osadchiev, 2021; Osadchiev, 2021; Osadchiev et al., 2021a).