Sun Gun Chung

1 Introduction Adults aged 65 years and older made up 10.3% of the global population in 2024, and this percentage is projected to rise to 20.7% by 2074 [1]. Against this demographic shift, sarcopenia—a progressive and generalized skeletal-muscle disorder characterized by accelerated loss of muscle mass and function—has become a major public health concern.

Abstract Skeletal muscle undergoes many alterations with aging. However, the impact of aging on muscle’s ability to secrete myokines and its subsequent effects on the body remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify myokines that have the potential to ameliorate age-related muscle and bone decline. Notably, circulating levels of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) decrease with age, while exercise significantly upregulates CLCF1 levels in both humans and rodents.

ASA abnormal spontaneous activity CSA cross-sectional area EDX electrodiagnostic study EMG electromyography LSS lumbar spinal stenosis MRI magnetic resonance imaging PACS picture archiving and communication system RNRs redundant nerve roots 1 INTRODUCTION Redundant nerve roots (RNRs) are abnormally elongated, enlarged, and tortuous nerve roots found in the subarachnoid space adjacent to a site of stenosis.