Sunan Tian

Abstract Inorganic all-solid-state electrochromic devices (ECDs) are promising for smart windows and adaptive optoelectronics, but they often suffer from insufficient optical contrast, slow switching kinetics and poor cycling stability. High-voltage operation enhances optical modulation and redox kinetics, yet it accelerates metastable phase transitions and structural degradation.

1 Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the consumer market of electronic equipment and electric vehicles in the past few decades.[1] The practical applications of LIBs vary widely from the transportation sector to grid-scale energy storage technologies supporting and strengthening the power grid to facilitate greater intermittency.