Superhard Materials College

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. Supporting Information Filename Description anie73188-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx5.2 MB Supporting File 1: anie73188-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx. anie73188-sup-0002-VideoS1.mp41.5 MB Supporting File 2: anie73188-sup-0002-VideoS1.mp4.

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. Supporting Information Filename Description anie73188-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx5.2 MB Supporting File 1: anie73188-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx. anie73188-sup-0002-VideoS1.mp41.5 MB Supporting File 2: anie73188-sup-0002-VideoS1.mp4.

1 Introduction Solid-state sodium metal batteries have garnered considerable attention by leveraging the compelling advantages of metallic sodium, which include the potential for drastically higher energy densities and the inherent safety of eliminating flammable liquid electrolytes [1-3]. Coupled with the natural abundance of sodium resources, which promises greatly reduced manufacturing costs, this technology is positioned as a key enabler for a sustainable energy future.