Surekha Padmanabhan

Abstract RND efflux pumps are a major cause of multidrug resistance in bacteria, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria. They are complex molecular machines forming tripartite assemblies that actively pump out a wide range of antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics, biocides and host defence molecules. However, the presence of multiple RND pumps with overlapping functions in a single bacterium raises questions about their individual functional relevance.