Suzan Abdelfattah Sayed

1 Introduction Over the last hundred years, fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas have been the primary energy sources because of their affordability and widespread availability [1-4]. However, they are the main contributors to human-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and are running out. This leads to increasing environmental issues such as global warming, pollution, energy insecurity, and harm to our ecosystems [5].

Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! Escalation of greenhouse gas emissions, driven by unsustainable energy practices, contributes significantly to global warming and associated climate disruptions. This underscores the urgent need for renewable energy sources such as solar power and hydrogen. Hydrogen’s abundance, high energy density, and zero-emission combustion make it a frontrunner energy carrier.