Sylvain Moineau

Abstract A phage satellite (PS) typically resides within repeat regions (attL and attR sites) of a bacterial genome. Its genome ranges from 7 to 20-kb and includes genes encoding an integrase along with regulatory and DNA replication functions. However, it lacks genes associated with viral structural proteins. Streptococcus thermophilus (S.t.) is extensively used to produce yogurt and specialty cheeses.

Abstract Determining the host range is a fundamental step in characterizing newly isolated phages, as it not only guides their use in therapy and in biocontrol applications but also helps in managing their impact on bioprocesses. Host specificity is typically evaluated through experimental assessment of host cell lysis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms that define host range are rarely explored in a comprehensive manner.

Abstract The known diversity of CRISPR–Cas systems continues to expand. To encompass new discoveries, here we present an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems. The updated CRISPR–Cas classification includes 2 classes, 7 types and 46 subtypes, compared with the 6 types and 33 subtypes in our previous survey 5 years ago. In addition, a classification of the cyclic oligoadenylate-dependent signalling pathway in type III systems is presented.