Taewung Kim

1. Introduction Excessively worn tires pose a significant risk to vehicle safety, as they drastically reduce traction, increase braking distance, and heighten the likelihood of blowouts. The traction of an excessively worn tire decreases significantly on a wet road surface [1]. This endangers the driver and passengers, as well as other road users, making the maintenance of tire tread a critical factor in preventing accidents and ensuring road safety.

1. Introduction Despite significant advancements in autonomous driving technologies, collisions involving autonomous vehicles (AVs) continue to occur due to factors such as incomplete technological development and mixed traffic conditions involving both AVs and non-autonomous vehicles [1,2]. Numerous studies have examined collisions involving AVs, demonstrating that the risk of collisions persists despite the advancements in autonomous driving technology [3,4,5].

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