Tan Tiam Lai

The selection of the study population is shown in Fig. 1. Tables 1 and S1 show characteristics of the global cognitive score study population (n = 7446; characteristics for other study populations are shown in Table S2). The mean (SD) age of participants was 59.5 (8.7) years; 49.4% were men; and 20.0% had T2D.

Existing research on the acquisition of modality primarily focuses on prototypical modal elements such as modal verbs, modal adverbs, and sentence-final particles, while studies on the acquisition of modal structures or constructions remain fragmented and lack systematic exploration. This study draws on natural speech data from four Mandarin-speaking children aged 1–4 years, sourced from the Multimodal Spoken Corpus of Mandarin-Speaking Children at Linyi University, China.

This study employs the theoretical framework of embodied cognitive linguistics to examine the seasonal reference points in four Chinese modern classical local novels: Lu Xun's Hometown, Shen Congwen's Border Town, Zhao Shuli's The Marriage of Xiao’Er Hei, and Jian Xian'ai's Water Burial. The research explores the embodied cognitive functions and cultural significance of seasonal reference points in literary narratives.