Tanlun Zeng

Abstract Although receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sorafenib and lenvatinib) have been applied as a first-line targeted therapy for advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for decades, their clinical efficacy is limited and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. HCC is a highly glycolytic malignancy characterized by excessive lactate accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME).

BRIEF REPORT Tanlun Zeng, Qian Zhao, Junyu Liu contributed equally to this work. Handling Editor: Alejandro Forner Abstract Immunotherapy, including ICIs, has emerged as an invaluable treatment option for advanced PLC. Nevertheless, the expression patterns of PD-L1 and PD-1 in PLC remain incompletely understood. In this study, the expression pattern and clinical correlation of PD-L1 and PD-1 were analysed in 5245 PLC patients.