Te-Hsing Chang

1. Introduction Surface waves are the primary driving force affecting coastal environments and marine structures. Assessing the interaction between waves and the seabed is crucial for the design and construction of coastal structures such as offshore wind turbines, submarine pipelines, and breakwaters. As waves propagate from the deep ocean to the nearshore, wave transformations such as shoaling, breaking, refraction, diffraction, and reflection occur due to the effects of seabed topography.