1 Introduction As the gap between the rich and poor reaches destabilizing levels and racial and gender inequality remains stubbornly persistent, scholars increasingly view the growth of unions as one potential solution to these problems. Research shows that unions compress wage inequality and working poverty (Brady et al. 2013; Western and Rosenfeld 2011) and offer increased protection to racial minorities and women (Jaumotte and Osorio Buitron 2015; Rosenfeld 2014; Torre 2023).