Thaddius Herman Maling

1 Introduction Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a qualitative developmental defect of enamel (DDE) characterised by hypomineralisation of at least one first permanent molar (FPM), and is frequently associated with affected incisors [1]. It presents clinically as asymmetrical, well demarcated, creamy white to yellow brown opacities. The number and severity of teeth involved may vary greatly.

Abstract The rising incidence of oral cancer and associated poor prognosis, primarily due to delayed diagnosis, highlight the urgent need for artificial intelligence tools in clinical detection. However, efforts in this regard are hampered by the lack of large and ethnically heterogenous image datasets of oral lesions with clinically validated diagnoses. To address this gap, oral mucosa images captured with mobile device cameras were collected from cohorts spanning five countries.