Thomas Clemens Carmine

Abstract Spot-urinary biomarkers are crucial in medical, epidemiological, and environmental studies, but their variability due to hydration levels requires precise dilution adjustments. Traditional methods, like conventional creatinine correction (CCRC), are limited in compensating for variations in urine concentration, causing substantial inconsistencies, particularly at the extremes of the diuresis spectrum.

The authors have declared no competing interest. This study did not receive any funding I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Ethic committee of North west - and Central Switzerland (EKNZ), Hebelstrasse 53, 4056 Basel, Tel.