John A. Tarduno,a,1,2,3 Michael K. Watkeys,3 Thomas N. Huffman,4 Rory D. Cottrell,1 Eric G. Blackman,2,5 Anna Wendt,1,* Cecilia A. Scribner,1,† and Courtney L. Wagner1 John A. Tarduno 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA. 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA. 3School of Geological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa. Michael K.