Tian-Ying Wu

1 Introduction Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that can selectively bind to target molecules.[1-4] Due to the programmability, high stability, scalability of synthesis, and low cost of aptamers, they have been used in many applications such as biosensors, drug delivery, and smart materials.[2,3,5,6] Most aptamers were obtained through combinatorial selection from a large library containing ≈1012–1016 random sequences.