Toby Richard Marthews

1 Introduction Climate change is now having significant impacts on the hydrological cycle in many parts of the world (Yin et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018; IPCC 2023). This has resulted in an increase in the likelihood and magnitude of drought and flooding, posing negative impacts on ecology, society and the economy (Schewe et al. 2014; Miller et al. 2021). Therefore, understanding runoff responses to climate change is essential for investigating water security and extreme events.