Tooraj Zandbaf

1 Introduction Bartter syndrome (BS) and Gitelman syndrome (GS) are salt-losing renal tubular disorders affecting the excretion and reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride [1, 2]. The original understanding of BS and GS posited them as genetically and clinically distinct conditions. However, current data suggest they are better conceptualized as a spectrum of a single disease.

1 INTRODUCTION Amyand's hernia (AH) is an uncommon inguinal hernia in which the appendix becomes entrapped within the hernia sac. It is named after Claudius Amyand, the first surgeon who identify and treat it.1, 2 AH can affect people of various ages, from 6 weeks to 88 years old, and appears to be more prevalent in men.3-5 Although it may be as high as 1% in children, the actual prevalence of AH is between 0.4% and 0.6% of all inguinal hernias.

1 INTRODUCTION Angiomyofibroblastoma (AMF) is a benign soft tissue tumor and a form of genital stromal mesenchymal tumor that primarily affects the vulva. It could possibly affect the reproductive-aged women's lower genital tract (vagina). Clinically, it frequently appeared as a benign, painless enlargement of the vulva, but rarely other manifestations such as foul-smelling secretions, menorrhagia, and dyspareunia have also been seen.