Trina Ng

1 Introduction Sea-level rise is a threat to low-lying, coastal cities, where populations, ecosystems, and static infrastructure are at risk from flooding, erosion, and other coastal hazards (Nicholls et al., 2021; Oppenheimer et al., 2019). Singapore, an island city-state located in Southeast Asia, is no exception and is facing an urgent need to adapt for the impacts of sea-level rise in the coming decades and centuries (Catalao et al., 2020).