Tzer Hwai Gilbert

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

The performance of photovoltaic modules is affected by environmental factors such as irradiance and temperature, which can lead to a decrease in output performance or even damage. This study proposes an improved formula for calculating the real maximum power of photovoltaic modules by analyzing the influence of irradiance and temperature.

1. Introduction Recreational vehicles (RVs) possess a distinct characteristic of mobility and serve as living spaces, necessitating reliable power sources. Typically, RVs are equipped with two types of batteries: a starting battery for vehicle power and a storage battery for daily living, as depicted in Figure 1a.