Uttama Barua

1 Introduction From 1993 to 2021, building fires resulted in approximately 0.4 million deaths per year on a global scale (Brushlinsky et al. 2023). Building fires burn buildings, resulting in the loss of property and resources. They also have severe environmental impacts. They contribute to global warming potential (GWP) and climate change directly through air, water, and soil pollution and indirectly through increased resource use, waste, and embodied carbon (Åström et al. 2023; Fischer et al.

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Open AccessArticle by 1,2,*, 3, 2, 1 and 1 1 School of Built Environment (BE), Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture (ADA), UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia 2 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.