Vacacela Gomez

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Volume 13 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1710575 1 Introduction Polymer nanocomposites utilize nanoscale fillers to deliver step-change improvements in mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance, with the interphase between filler and matrix widely recognized as the controlling element of property transfer (Mittal et al., 2015; Papageorgiou et al., 2017).

1 Introduction Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) material, consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb-like lattice (Yee and Ghayesh, 2023). It serves as a foundational building block for other carbon-based materials, including graphite and carbon nanotubes. Graphene exhibits exceptional properties, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and a large surface area (Liu et al., 2023).

1Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador 2Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba, Ecuador 3Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas Electrónica e Industrial, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato, Ecuador 4Facultad de Ciencias, Carrera de Estadística, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba, Ecuador 5INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy The study of the optical...