Velsuba Murugan

1 Introduction Phosphates play critical roles in biology, including as phospholipids that make up cell walls and as the energy currency molecules of nature, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). How phosphate groups interact with each other in aqueous solutions is critical for many of these important roles. Yet, much of the basic information about phosphates in solution remains relatively unknown.