Venerando Rapisarda

Abstract Background: Occupational health and safety (OHS) risk assessment is a core preventive process aimed at identifying workplace hazards, estimating risks, and implementing control measures to reduce occupational injuries and diseases. Recent evidence indicates that AI-based systems may assist hazard identification, risk prioritization, and preventive planning, improving efficiency and standardization.

Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Abstract Introduction Almaty is the largest city of Kazakhstan with extreme air pollution, mostly in the cold season, but little is known whether staying indoors could lessen the exposure. The aim was to quantitatively characterize indoor fine PM levels and to verify the contribution of ambient pollution to it in a polluted city like Almaty.

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.