Vicenta María Barragán

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2.1. The System The thermodynamic system considered is a heterogeneous system formed by different subsystems: electrodes, bulk solution, concentration boundary layers, and membrane. Figure 1 (above) illustrates the system under study. It consists of a cation-exchange membrane separating two identical 1:1 electrolyte solutions of bulk concentration c0 maintained at the same temperature and hydrostatic pressure. In this configuration, a constant electric current passes through the membrane system.

3. Results 3.1. ROT Spectra and Dielectric Characterization of ZFE When epiboly, or the spreading and extension of the blastodisc over the yolk cell, reaches approximately the same percentage among the ZFE, those selected were pipetted sequentially to the chamber for ROT assay; each of them was first in a 190 µS/cm conductivity medium, and then in deionized water of 1.15 µS/cm.