Waifan Tang

1. Introduction 1.1. Global Context The urgency of addressing climate change has led to a global consensus on the need to decarbonize every element of the economy contributing to carbon emissions. Logistics, as an aspect of modern economies, is also a driver of the global emissions of greenhouse gases. According to the Paris Agreement and further international mandates, the progress of the logistics industry towards the decarbonization target became highlighted as a priority.

1. Introduction 1.1. Background The rapid rise of Industry 4.0 technologies [1], characterized by the integration of cyber–physical systems (CPS), the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing, is transforming the global manufacturing landscape. These technologies offer significant potential not only in terms of increasing production efficiency but also in addressing the pressing need for sustainable development within the manufacturing sector.

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