Wang Lee

1 Introduction Nature hardens biosilica through post-depositional “maturation,” transforming silanol-rich networks into dense siloxane frameworks that protect embedded functional inclusions [1]. This naturally evolved durability principle provides a strategy for stabilizing synthetic nanomaterials for use in demanding biological environments.

Abstract Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers substantial potential for sustainable energy conversion, yet its industrial application is constrained by limited durability under stringent photochemical conditions. Achieving high photocatalytic activity often requires harsh reaction conditions, compromising catalyst stability and longevity.