Wenzheng Yin

1 Introduction Tooth defects and loss represent a major global public health challenge [1-4]. Epidemiological investigations by the World Health Organization and multiple studies indicate that over one-third of the world's population is affected by this issue, with prevalence rates exceeding 80% in a society where aging is accelerating and the pace of life is fast-paced [5, 6].

Ceramics exhibit exceptional strength, hardness, and structural stability, rendering them indispensable as aerospace, national defense, and biomedical applications. However, the presence of robust covalent or ionic bonds within the ceramic leads to its inherent poor fracture toughness.