William Keener

Abstract Terrestrial and marine species are exhibiting distributional shifts due to climate change and resource availability. As food webs are impacted, some species have moved into areas of increased human activity, encountering anthropogenic hazards. A coastal marine species that undertakes a long migration between breeding and foraging ranges, the Eastern North Pacific (ENP) population of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) is especially vulnerable to changes.

1 INTRODUCTION Large whales have been the beneficiaries of legal protections from directed hunts, yet many recovering populations suffer from an increasing overlap with human activities. Repeated exposure to intense near-shore commerce leads to cumulative stressors that disrupt the behaviour of cetaceans and threaten their health and survivorship (Piwetz, 2019; Williams et al., 2014).

Abstract Asymmetric genitalia and lateralized mating behaviors occur in several taxa, yet whether asymmetric morphology in one sex correlates or coevolves with lateralized mating behavior in the other sex remains largely unexplored. While lateralized mating behaviors are taxonomically widespread, among mammals they are only known in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Males attempt copulation by approaching a female exclusively on her left side.