Wonn Shim

1 Introduction Skeletal muscle is a highly dynamic tissue that relies on efficient mitochondrial function for proper development, regeneration and performance [1]. Mitochondria play a crucial role in energy production and redox homeostasis, both of which are essential for effective muscle contraction and recovery following injury [2-4].

Highlights • Mitochondrial fission and donut formation increase during osteoblast maturation • Fragmented mitochondria and MDVs are secreted extracellularly during osteogenesis • Increasing mitochondrial fission through OPA1 downregulation enhances osteogenesis • Treatment of osteoblast-secreted mitochondria accelerates bone regeneration Summary Mitochondrial components have been abundantly detected in bone matrix, implying that they are somehow transported extracellularly to regulate...