Wouyo Atakpama

1 Introduction Like most countries of Afrotropical forest ecosystems (Escobar et al. 2015; Tarimo et al. 2015; Adama et al. 2023), Togo is facing significant degradation and deforestation of its forest resources (Folega 2019; Hlovor et al. 2021; Kombate et al. 2022). This degradation has affected even the country's protected areas, which were once relatively well-preserved (Folega et al. 2012; Polo-Akpisso et al. 2018; Kokou et al. 2023).

4. Discussion Sustainable land management and agroecological approaches are becoming more widely accepted to ensure the sustainability of agricultural systems, whatever their scale of production. Negative impacts on ecosystem services are significantly reduced by integrated management of non- and underutilized phytomass from both forestry and agricultural perspectives [55,56,57]. In Togo, there is unanimous agreement that landscape approaches can reduce the impact of human-induced drivers [58].