Wuyin Lin

1 Introduction The Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project was established a decade ago to develop state-of-the-science Earth system modeling capabilities that optimize the use of DOE resources (Leung et al., 2020). New E3SM major model versions are released every 3–4 years.

1 Introduction General circulation models (GCMs) are the primary tools for projecting future climate changes. They are also indispensable for understanding complex processes within the climate system, such as interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. However, due to limited computational resources, most current GCMs use a horizontal resolution of around 100 km. Many processes occurring at the subgrid scales need to be parameterized.