Xianze Yin

1 Introduction The demand for high energy density and enhanced safety has been a central focus in battery development, where progress predominantly depends on innovations in electrode materials.[1-5] Graphite has emerged as the most promising anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its competitive advantages, including high theoretical capacity, suitable working potential, dimensional stability, and cost-effectiveness.[6-9] However, due to the inherent limitations...

Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

1 Introduction Rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are promising future energy storage devices due to their high output energies.[1-4] Among various candidates, solid-state lithium metal batteries are particularly attractive because replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) increases the energy density and safety of batteries.[5-8] However, despite their advantages, SSLMBs are still unsuitable for practical applications due to the chemical instability of their...