Xinhai Han

Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) three-dimensional (3D) structures are crucial for understanding their intensification processes and assessing associated risks. However, observational data remain sparse, especially for complete dynamic and thermodynamic variables. Dropsondes are considered one of the best available in situ observations providing high-quality vertical profiles, but they are extremely sparse in spatial distribution.

Open AccessArticle by 1,2,†, 2,†, 1,2,3,*, 4, 2,3, 2,3, 2,3, 5 and 2 1 School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China 3 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China 4 National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China 5 Zhejiang Climate Centre,...