Xinhong Yin

1 Introduction The number of older people is increasing due to society’s rapid aging. The United Nations Population Division projects that the proportion of older adults will double over the next three decades, accounting for 16% to 22% of the world’s population by 2050 (1). This demographic shift will have a significant impact on public health services and socioeconomic development. Oral frailty is a relatively new concept that has garnered increased attention recently.

We have tested the performance of our method on 9 networks, including 2 artificial networks synthesised using LFR benchmark network generator software44 and 7 real-world networks. The size of these networks spans from tens to hundreds of thousands of vertices, the statistical information of them are listed in Table 1.