Xinying Fan

Abstract Research Objective Autoimmune diseases are chronic conditions in which the immune system abnormally attacks the body’s own tissues. Their incidence is on the rise, and the pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. The clinical manifestations are complex and diverse. Despite active treatment, some patients still have poor therapeutic outcomes and rely on immunosuppressants for a long time.

1 Introduction In technology-intensive industries, mutual outsourcing is a common commercial practice whereby firms engage in intense competition while exchanging key production inputs or intermediate goods. For instance, Google's Android operating system is deeply integrated into Samsung's Galaxy smartphones. Conversely, Samsung manufactured Google-branded Nexus smartphones around 2011 and supplied OLED displays for Google's Pixel series (Arai and Matsushima 2023).

Back to Journals » International Journal of Nanomedicine » Volume 21 Authors Lu Y, Su H, Fan X, Hu J, Tang X, Hu J , Zhang L, Ma D Received 18 December 2025 Accepted for publication 28 June 2026 Published 8 July 2026 Volume 2026:21 590131 DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S590131 Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 3 Editor who approved publication: Professor Jie Huang Yangyang Lu,1,* Haodong Su,1,* Xinying Fan,1 Jie Hu,2 Xiaoyu Tang,1...