Xinying Fang

?Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. Abstract Multi-stage Phase II clinical trials offer advantages over single-stage designs by enabling interim analyses that can accurately inform early termination of the trial if there is evidence that the treatment is likely to be ineffective or effective.

?Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. Abstract Multi-stage Phase II clinical trials offer advantages over single-stage designs by enabling interim analyses that can accurately inform early termination of the trial if there is evidence that the treatment is likely to be ineffective or effective.

1 INTRODUCTION Dose–response assessment plays a central role in contemporary drug discovery. In preclinical in vitro research, it aims to describe the relationship between the exposure (dose) and effect (response) (Greco et al., 1995), identify compounds that activate or inhibit specific disease targets (Chou, 2006), and assist in silico modeling of toxic doses to humans and the environment (Groothuis et al., 2015).