Xinying Jiao

Abstract Jawless vertebrates employ variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) to mount adaptive immunity. Although six VLRs (VLRA–F) and T/B-like lymphocytes are identified in lampreys, it remains unclear how VLR diversity is organized at the cellular level and whether individual lymphocytes may integrate multiple VLRs. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we identify a germline-encoded, mature, non-diversified VLR-like receptor (VLR-like) in lamprey Lethenteron reissneri.

3.1. Quantitative Characteristics of Urban Construction Land Expansion in Beijing The results of this study showed that the overall accuracy of the urban construction land detection was above 95% in all years, indicating the retrieval method used in this study performed better than that in most of the previous studies. For example, the accuracy of the ChinaCover2010 product reached approximately 91% in the first class and 82% in the second class.

Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Abstract Utilization of specialized Th1 cells to resist intracellular pathogenic infection represents an important innovation of adaptive immunity. Although transcriptional evidence indicates the potential presence of Th1-like cells in some fish species, the existence of CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells, their detailed functions, and the mechanism determining their differentiation in these early vertebrates remain unclear.