Xuhua Cheng

Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study. Supporting Information References , , , & (1985). Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) into the East China sea. Continental Shelf Research, 4(1–2), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(85)90022-6 , & (2002). GETM, a general estuarine transport model. Retrieved from https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC23237 , & (2008).

Abstract The ocean is highly stratified. Warm, fresh water sits on top of cold, salty water, influencing vertical oceanic exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients. In this Review, we examine observed and projected stratification shifts and their impacts. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity have altered the ocean density field, leading to a 0.8 ± 0.1% dec−1 (90% confidence interval) increase in stratification in the global upper 2,000 m since the 1960s.

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